What Is Metabolic Syndrome?

Metabolic syndrome is a group of health conditions that can increase your risk of developing other serious health conditions like heart disease, stroke and type 2 diabetes. Experts estimate that up to one-third of American adults have metabolic syndrome.

A person is diagnosed with metabolic syndrome when they have three or more of the following risk factors:

• High blood pressure
• High fasting blood sugar
• High triglyceride levels
• Large waist size (“apple-shaped” body)
• Low “good” high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels

“These factors, on their own, put a person’s health at risk,” said Angelo Canedo, DO, Catholic Health Family Medicine Physician. “But, combined, the risk significantly increases for severe health complications.”

He explained that metabolic syndrome is preventable and treatable with lifestyle habits that promote good heart health and healthy sugar levels.

What are the risk factors for metabolic syndrome?

Certain factors increase your risk for developing metabolic syndrome, including:

• Abdominal obesity
  • “Apple-shaped” body—large waist size with fat stored predominantly around the abdomen
• Age
• Family history of type 2 diabetes
• Hispanic heritage—especially being a Hispanic female
• History of gestational diabetes during pregnancy
• Other health concerns, such as:
  • Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
  • Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)
  • Sleep apnea

What are the symptoms of metabolic syndrome?

“Most of the conditions associated with metabolic syndrome, such as high triglyceride levels, do not present with symptoms,” said Dr. Canedo. “People with elevated blood sugar levels may notice diabetes-related symptoms.”

Diabetes symptoms may include:

• Blurry vision
• Fatigue
• Increased need to urinate
• Increased thirst

How is metabolic syndrome diagnosed?

In addition to a physical exam, your doctor will order blood tests to measure your cholesterol and sugar levels. They will diagnose metabolic syndrome if you meet three or more of the following factors:

• High blood pressure. 130/85 millimeters of mercury (mmHg) or higher.
• High fasting blood sugar. 100 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) or higher. (Or taking medicine for high blood glucose.)
• High triglyceride levels. 150 mg/dL or higher (Or taking medicine for high triglycerides.)
• Large waist size. 35 inches or more for females. 40 or more inches for males.
• Low HDL cholesterol levels. Less than 50 mg/dL for females. Less than 40 mg/dL for males. (Or taking medicine for low HDL cholesterol.)  

How is metabolic syndrome treated?

“Lifestyle changes are key to managing metabolic syndrome, including improving your diet, losing weight and getting more physical activity,” said Dr. Canedo. “If these changes alone do not control your metabolic syndrome, your doctor may recommend medication to help reduce your cholesterol, blood pressure and blood sugar levels.”

The following lifestyle habits can also reduce the risk of developing metabolic syndrome and contribute to overall good health.

• Exercise regularly. Aim to get at least 150 minutes a week of moderate-intensity physical activity.
• Eat a heart-healthy, anti-inflammatory diet that includes:
  • Fruits and vegetables
  • Healthy, unsaturated fats
  • Lean proteins
  • Whole grains
• Manage stress in your daily life and take time for self-care.
• Quit smoking.
• Reach and maintain a healthy weight.
• Reduce salt and saturated fat in your diet.

“Keep up with your annual exams so you and your doctor can monitor your health and catch any changes early when most treatable,” said Dr. Canedo.